Wang Yiwei:Answering questions and puzzles with dialectical methods

文 王义桅

王义桅：中国人民大学国际关系学院教授，欧洲“让-莫内”讲席教授，《一带一路报道》特聘专家。

面对“一带一路”倡议，由于不了解或者误解，国内外出现了一些不同的声音，作者及时地、有针对性地、系统地回应了对“一带一路”倡议的质疑之声，厘清各种似是而非的言论及有意无意的误解，帮助读者走进“一带一路”，走出认知误区。

中国有多大能耐，能带动那么多国家发展？“一带一路”是否导致中国过度扩张，使其陷入大国兴衰律？来自国内外的这些质疑和不解大多未能以辩证法准确把握“一带一路”。

How capable is China to boost the development of so many countries? Will the Belt and Road lead to the excessive expansion of China and trap it into the law of prosperity and decline of big powers? Those questions and puzzles from home and abroad should be ascribed to a failure of understanding the dialectical methods of the initiative.

一、虚与实：“一带一路”既是山水画也是油画

I. The Belt and Road is both landscape and oil paintings

一些西方人习惯用看油画的心态质疑“一带一路”倡议，认为它缺乏清晰的内涵、路线图，其实“一带一路”不是简单的倡议，是愿景和行动的结合，是内外发展的结合，用习近平主席的话来说：“‘一带一路’建设不是空洞的口号，而是看得见、摸得着的实际举措，将给地区国家带来实实在在的利益。”因此，对外讲“一带一路”既要注重写意，也要兼顾写实。对世界与地区大国、文明古国可以宏大叙事，着眼长远，激励文明的共同复兴；对小国、弱国则应注意细节，多讲“一带一路”给当地、当下带来的好处。

Some Westerners question the Belt and Road Initiative with a habit of looking at oil paintings, thinking that it lacks clear connotation and road map. Actually, far from a simple initiative, it is the combination of vision and actions, and aims at both external and internal development. Just as what President Xi Jinping has noted: “The Belt and Road building is not an empty slogan, but a practical endeavor that can be seen and touched, and will bring tangible, immediate benefits to regional countries.” In this connection, in building the Belt and Road, we should focus on both immediate and long-term interests of partner countries. In engaging with global and regional powers, and countries with ancient civilizations, we can value more on long-term interests and inspire the common revival of civilizations; while engaging with small and poor countries, we should focus on details and pay more attention to immediate interests to local communities.

二、冲突与融合：文明的断裂带也是文明融合带

II. Conflicts and integration: The fracture zone of civilization is also the fusion zone of civilization

尽管“一带一路”涉及的很多经济体处在欧亚大陆文明断裂带，但是我们也应看到文明的融合，比如巴米扬大佛就是活生生的例证。因此，建设“一带一路”要树立辩证思维，既要看到不可避免的风险，也要看到切实存在的机遇；既要看到文化、语言的隔阂，也要看到民心相通存在千年之久，共同的历史记忆随处可见。这也是为什么“一带一路”强调“五通”中的“民心相通”。

Although many economies involved in the initiative are located in the Eurasian Civilization Fault Zone, we should take notice of cultural integration, with Bamiyan Buddha as a shining example. Therefore, we have to take a dialectical approach to the Belt and Road building and admit that there are tangible opportunities as well as inevitable risks. We should admit that there are people-to-people bonds that stretch back millennia and ubiquitous, shared historical memories, as well as cultural and language differences. That is why the initiative values people-to-people ties.

三、供给与需求：信息对称的供需革命——需求创造供给

III. Supply and demand: a supply and demand revolution with information symmetry-demand creates supply

建设“一带一路”，源于共建国家对中国优质富裕产能的渴求，故此形成国际产能合作与装备制造合作机遇，其中更多的还是共建国家发展的客观需要。“一带一路”共建国家的产出与其人口在世界上的比例严重不匹配，前者只有后者的一半，因此，中国的“一带一路”倡议才如此受欢迎。

The vision of building the Belt and Road originates from partner countries’ demands for China’s quality and abundant production capacity. Based on that, opportunities for international production capacity cooperation and equipment manufacturing cooperation have been generated, most of which come from those countries’ objective demands for development. Serious unbalance exists between the output share of those partner countries and their proportion of population in the world, with the former being only half of the latter. That is why the China-initiated Belt and Road is so welcome.

四、机遇与风险：机遇中蕴含着风险，风险中包含机遇

IV. Co-existence of opportunities and risks

如何让更多国家感受到“一带一路”的诚意，这就需要我们建立“一带一路”的样板房、示范区，形成“抓住中国机遇，早得益；杜撰中国威胁，早受累”的景象。讲“一带一路”不可把机遇讲得太满、太多，一定要客观、冷静分析风险，否则对方会质疑“有这么好吗”，正因为有风险在，更需要共商共建共享。主动讲问题和风险，这也体现了中国人的自信和担当。

To make more countries feel the sincerity of the Belt and Road, we should set role models and demonstration zones, and shape the phenomenon of “benefiting early by grasping Chinese opportunities and suffering for publicizing China threats”. We should not speak too much about the opportunities of the initiative, or be too optimistic about them. Rather, we should make objective and calm analysis of risks. Otherwise, other countries will question the merits of it. The existence of risks makes it all the more necessary to enter consultation, seek co-building, and share benefits. We should be the first to mention problems and risks, which shows the confidence and sense of responsibility of Chinese people.

五、中国的与世界的：源于中国而属于世界

V. Of China and the world: originating in China and reaching to the whole world

“一带一路”是中国的，还是世界的？这是一些人的疑问。其实，开放与包容、兼收并蓄、融会贯通，这是中国崛起的秘诀，也是“一带一路”建设的要旨。“一带一路”源于中国而属于世界。它既是中国模式的体现：基础设施+教育（要致富，先修路；要快富，修高速。再穷不能穷教育，不把贫困传给下一代），也在帮助实现联合国2030年可持续发展议程。比如，世界还有九亿多人生活在没有通电的环境中。中国已全部通电，国家电网长距离、特高压输电网能力世界最强，能实现成本最小化，推动人类实现共同现代化。北斗导航系统2020年已实现全球覆盖，不像全球定位系统( GPS)依赖网络，更有利于发展中国家远程教育、扫除文盲、脱贫致富。简单来讲，信息和通信技术业务有助于落后国家实现“变道超车”。

Does the Belt and Road belong to China or the world? That is a question puzzling some people. Actually, openness and inclusiveness are the secret behind China’ s rise, and also the essence of the Belt and Road building. The Belt and Road originates in China and yet belongs to the whole world. It epitomizes “the China model” : infrastructure+education (To become rich, build roads; to become rich quickly, build expressways. No matter how poor we are, we can never neglect education and we should not pass poverty onto the next generation). It is also helping realize the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. More than 900 million people in the world still live in an environment without electricity, and India alone has more than 300 million. Now electricity is available in each corner of China. With the world’s strongest long-distance, UHV transmission grid capability, State Grid is working to minimize costs and contribute to universal modernization of mankind. Beidou Navigation System has realized full-coverage globally in 2020. Unlike GPS, which relies on network, it is more capable of empowering distance education, illiteracy eradication, and poverty reduction in developing countries. To put it simply, information and communication technology services can enable underdeveloped countries to “overtake on the bend”.

六、市场与政府：政府推动、企业主体、市场化运作，是“一带一路”建设的思路

VI. Market and government: the Belt and Road building features government promotion and market operation, with enterprises as major players

让市场起决定性作用，这一判断也适合“一带一路”建设。让企业，尤其是公私合营企业，成为“一带一路”的主体，通过市场化运作，符合国际规则，才能打消国际疑虑, 更好地与其他合作架构、发展规划对接。国有企业开始在各类企业中起主要作用，但在市场化较高的国家，就要注意反倾销、反补贴的问题，因为绝大多数共建“一带一路”国家是WTO成员国。

In the Belt and Road building, we also follow the policy of allowing a decisive role of the market. Enterprises, especially joint state-private enterprises, should be the leading players of the Belt and Road building and engage in market-oriented operation by embracing international rules. That is how we can dispel misgivings in international community, and integrate with other cooperation frameworks and development plans. Among various enterprises, SOEs are now showing a major role. Yet in highly market-oriented countries, we should pay attention to anti-dumping and anti-subsidy issues, since the majority of the partner countries are WTO members.

七、取与予：多予少取乃正确的义利观

VII. The right approach to principles and interests: giving more and taking less

“一带一路”沿线国家的经济总量占世界的29%，而人口占63%，换言之，“一带一路”沿线多为发展中国家，一方面潜力大，另一方面要求我们先予后取、多予少取，甚至要转让技术。在联合国2030年可持续发展议程框架下帮助他们脱贫致富，这是建设“一带一路”应树立的一般心态。毕竟，“一带一路”是百年工程，要从改革开放前阶段的“互利双赢”向“合作共赢”的思维转变，利我与利他结合、双边与多边结合、取与予结合，既要授人以鱼，也要授人以渔，只有这样才能延伸国内市场，建设欧亚非大市场。

With 63% of the world’s population, countries along the Belt and Road contribute to 29% of global economic aggregate. That is to say, most of those countries are developing ones. On one hand, those countries have huge potential; on the other hand, China needs to give out first before taking, give more and take less, and even transfer technology. That is something we should bear in mind as China helps those countries in poverty reduction under the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development framework. For such a century-old initiative as the Belt and Road, we should shift the thinking of “win-win” embraced during the early stage of the reform and opening up to “win-win cooperation”, allow for others’ interests as well as our own, take both bilateral and multi-lateral approaches, and give out while taking. While seeking our own development, we should teach other countries how to realize better development. That is how we can expand domestic market and build a large market across Europe, Asia, and Africa.

八、知与行：知行合一

VIII: Walking the talking

共商共建共享是“一带一路”建设的原则，但这不能停留在口头上，而要落实到具体行动中。如何在“一带一路”建设中贯彻“知行合一”的理念？这是巨大考验。尤其是许多国内企业、地方团体借助“一带一路”“走出去”，更要与共建国家合作，做到“知行合一”。

Consultation, co-building, and benefit-sharing is the principle of the Belt and Road building. Rather than see it as only a slogan, we should follow the principle in real actions. How to walk the talk in the Belt and Road building? That is a huge test for us. Especially, as many domestic enterprises and regional organization go global by taking advantage of the Belt and Road, they should cooperate with partner countries to walk the talk.

九、干与学：干中学，学中干

IX. Learning by doing, and doing while learning

“一带一路”是干中学，学中干。中国是学习型大国，也有责任分享发展经验，“一带一路”就是学习效益的体现。共商共建共享原则也让中国与沿线国家的共同学习成为常态，甚至要共同摸着石头过河，探索合作新途径，解决建设中面临的各种问题，开创21世纪地区与国际合作新模式。

In building the Belt and Road, China follows the approach of learning by doing and doing while learning. As an avid learner, China has the duty of sharing development experience with other countries. In terms of the benefits of learning, the Belt and Road serves as a good example. The principle of consultation, co-building, and benefit-sharing has made collective learning among China and partner countries a normal. They even should wade across the stream by feeling the way, and explore new path of cooperation to cope with various issues emerging in the process of co-building, and embark on a new model of regional and international cooperation in the 21st century.

十、地方与中央：地方（城市）和国家的创新合作

X. Innovative cooperation between localities (cities) and the state

地方还是中央？这本不是个问题，地方与中央同时发力才给建设“一带一路”带来双引擎。但由于共建“一带一路”国家政治体制不一，合作机制可以主要在地区国别和专业领域两个方面展开。地方政府、城市如何参与“一带一路”？中欧班列（成都—罗兹）连接的两地间的交流合作，为城市如何进行外事外交树立了榜样。过去，中国企业走出去重视与对方政府打交道，不够重视社会层面沟通，与当地的非政府组织打交道缺乏经验。如今“一带一路”要接地气，要让“中国制造”“中国建造”“中国服务”等飞入“一带一路”寻常百姓家，从全球化向本土化转变。

Which one should be the driving force, localities or the central government? This is not a problem, since the joint forces of localities and the central government constitute the dual engines for the Belt and Road building. Given the differences in political systems of partner countries, the cooperation can be pursued by region and country, and field. How should regional governments and cities engage in the Belt and Road? The bilateral communication and cooperation enabled by the China Railway Express (Chengdu-Lodz) has set a role model for inter-city diplomacy. In the past, Chinese enterprises valued engagement with foreign governments as they sought overseas presence, and paid less attention to people-to-people exchanges. As a result, those enterprises lack experience in dealing with local NGOs. Now, in the Belt and Road building, we should make “made-in-China”, “constructed-by-China”, “Chinese services” and other Chinese offerings reach to households of countries along the route, and shift from globalization to localization.

来源：《一带一路报道》2020年第4期

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